He Was Born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, a Baby Boy Was Born Into the Bell Family.
Alexander Graham Bell, teacher of the deaf, inventor, scientist (born 3 March 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 2 August 1922 near Baddeck, NS). Alexander Graham Bong is by and large considered 2nd only to Thomas Alva Edison among 19th- and 20th-century inventors. Although he is best known equally the inventor of the first applied phone, he too did innovative work in other fields, including aeronautics, hydrofoils and wireless communication (the "photophone"). Moreover, Bell himself considered his work with the deaf to be his well-nigh important contribution. Born in Scotland, he emigrated to Canada in 1870 with his parents. Bell married American Mabel Hubbard in 1877 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1882. From the mid-1880s, he and his family unit spent their summers virtually Baddeck on Greatcoat Breton Isle, where they built a large domicile, Beinn Bhreagh. From and so on, Bong divided his fourth dimension and his research between the United States and Canada. He died and was buried at Baddeck in 1922.
Alexander Graham Bell, teacher of the deaf, inventor, scientist (born three March 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 2 August 1922 virtually Baddeck, NS). Alexander Graham Bell is more often than not considered second simply to Thomas Alva Edison amid 19th- and 20th-century inventors. Although he is best known equally the inventor of the starting time practical phone, he also did innovative work in other fields, including aeronautics, hydrofoils and wireless advice (the "photophone"). Moreover, Bell himself considered his work with the deaf to be his nigh of import contribution. Built-in in Scotland, he emigrated to Canada in 1870 with his parents. Bell married American Mabel Hubbard in 1877 and became a naturalized American denizen in 1882. From the mid-1880s, he and his family unit spent their summers nigh Baddeck on Cape Breton Island, where they built a large home, Beinn Bhreagh. From then on, Bell divided his time and his research between the Us and Canada. He died and was buried at Baddeck in 1922.
Bong's Childhood and Family Background
Alexander Bell was born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, to female parent Eliza Grace Symonds and father Alexander Melville Bong. He was the middle of three children, between elder brother Melville James (built-in 1845) and younger brother Edward Charles (born 1848). Unlike his brothers, Alexander was not given a middle name at nascency, merely added "Graham" in 1858.
Both his father and grandfather were experts in voice communication and elocution (the skill of clear, expressive speech, focusing on pronunciation and articulation). His grandfather — also named Alexander — had washed pioneering work in oral communication impediments and in 1835 published The Practical Elocutionist, which used symbols to indicate word groupings. This would be the basis of a arrangement of "visible oral communication" developed past Alexander Melville Bell, which he (and later his son) would use in teaching the deaf.
The Bell children received their early schooling at home from both their male parent and their mother, an achieved painter who was partially deaf. As a teenager, Alexander Bell attended the Royal High School in Edinburgh. Although Bell loved both music and science, he was an indifferent educatee and prone to heedless. Outside school, nonetheless, he demonstrated a dandy mind. In 1858, at historic period 12, he invented a procedure to remove the husks at a flour mill owned past his friend'due south father, calculation wire brushes to an existing machine.
At historic period 15, Bell was sent to London, where he lived for a year with his grandfather. Around this fourth dimension, Bell met telegraph researcher Charles Wheatstone, who had produced a version of Wolfgang von Kempelen'due south Speaking Machine, an musical instrument that mechanically produced human speech. This inspired Bong and his blood brother Melville to develop their own "talking larynx" —an artificial windpipe that produced a modest number of recognizable words when air was blown through it.
Bell began teaching elocution at age 16, while as well researching the physiology of speech. His work so impressed phonetician Alexander John Ellis, that he invited the beau to join the Philological Guild in 1866. The following year, he began didactics his father's "visible speech communication" method to deaf students in London, where the family unit was then located. Sadly, Bell's younger brother Edward died the aforementioned year of tuberculosis. Bong took anatomy and physiology at Academy College in London from 1868 to 1870, but didn't end his degree.
In May 1870, his older brother Melville died of tuberculosis, and his parents decided to leave Uk, fearing that their remaining son would succumb to the illness every bit well. In August 1870, he and his parents (and his widowed sis-in-law) moved to Canada and settled in Brantford, Ontario. Not long before they left, the family unit dined with Alexander Ellis, who pointed Bell towards the work of German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz — work that inspired Bong'due south involvement in electromagnetism and electricity and his belief that people would soon exist able to "talk by telegraph."
Teacher of the Deafened
In 1871, Bong accepted a position teaching at a school for the deaf in Boston, Massachusetts, beginning a long career as an educator of the deaf in the United states of america. He spent summers with the family at Brantford, Ontario, retreating at that place to rest when his trend to overwork left him exhausted.
Around this time, many American experts believed that deaf people (and then referred to as "deaf mutes") could not be taught to speak. The oldest school for the deaf, the American Aviary for the Teaching and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb (after the American School for the Deafened) in Hartford, Connecticut, exclusively taught sign linguistic communication. At that place were others, however, who believed that the deaf could and should be taught oral skills. This included Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who founded the Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes (later the Clarke School for the Deaf) in Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1867.
Bell (like his father) taught "visible speech" to the deafened by illustrating, through a series of drawings, how sounds are made, substantially teaching his students to speak by seeing sound. He helped them become enlightened of the sounds around them by feeling sound vibrations. One teaching aid was a balloon— by clutching 1 tightly confronting their chests students could experience sound.
In the spring of 1872, Bong taught at the American Asylum for the Teaching and Instruction of the Deafened and Dumb in Hartford and the Clarke Establishment for Deaf-Mutes in Northampton. That fall, he opened his own School of Vocal Physiology in Boston, and in 1873, he became a professor of vocal physiology and elocution at Boston Academy. The same twelvemonth, he began tutoring Mabel Hubbard, a deafened student who was the girl of Clarke School founder Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Bell was quickly captivated by the immature Mabel, who was 10 years his junior (they married in 1877).
When Bell was not didactics, he spent much of his free time researching the electrical manual of audio, eventually leading to the development of the phone (see beneath). Yet while he is best known for his inventions, he remained committed to teaching of the deaf throughout his life. In 1887, for example, he established the Volta Bureau for research, information and advocacy for the deafened in Washington, DC. He was also president of the American Clan for the Promotion of the Didactics of Speech communication to the Deaf (now the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deafened and Hard of Hearing), which was founded in 1890.
Bell also had a close relationship with Helen Keller, whom he met in 1887; the two communicated frequently and Keller visited Bong'south habitation several times. Keller's The Story of My Life (1903) was defended to Bell, "who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear oral communication from the Atlantic to the Rockies."
The Multiple Telegraph
Much of Bong'south piece of work can be described as a series of observations leading 1 to another. His combined interest in sound and communication developed his involvement in improving the telegraph, which ultimately led to his success with the telephone.
When Bell began to experiment with electric signals, the telegraph had existed for more than 30 years. Although it was a successful organisation, the telegraph was limited to receiving and sending one message at a fourth dimension, using Morse lawmaking. Past the early 1870s, a number of inventors (including Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray) were working on a telegraph that that could transmit simultaneous letters.
Even before coming to Canada, Bell had been intrigued by the idea of using a well-known musical phenomenon to transmit multiple telegraph messages simultaneously. He knew that everything has a natural frequency (how quickly something vibrates) and that a audio'southward pitch relies on its frequency. Past singing into a piano he discovered that varying the pitch of his voice fabricated dissimilar piano strings vibrate in render. His observations led to the idea of sending many different messages along a unmarried wire, with identical tuning forks tuned to different frequencies at either end to send and receive, a system he called the "harmonic telegraph."
By October 1874, Bell'south inquiry had been so successful that he informed his time to come father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard resented the Western Matrimony Telegraph Company's communications monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Hubbard was joined by leather merchant Thomas Sanders, who was also the male parent of ane of Bell's deaf students in Boston. Bong worked on the multiple telegraph with a young electrician, Thomas Watson. At the same time, he and Watson were exploring the possibility of a device that would transmit speech electrically.
Evolution of the Telephone
According to Bong, inspiration struck on 26 July 1874 during a summer visit to Brantford. While watching the currents in the Grand River, Bell reflected on sound waves moving through the air and realized that with electricity, "it would be possible to transmit sounds of whatsoever sort" by controlling the intensity of the current. Based on his new insight, he sketched a primitive telephone.
The first major breakthrough occurred on 2 June 1875. Bong and Watson were preparing an experiment with the multiple telegraph by tuning reeds on three sets of transmitters and receivers in different rooms. I of Watson'south reeds, affixed too tightly, was stuck to its electromagnet. With the transmitters off, Watson plucked the reed to free it, and Bong heard a twang in his receiver. They had inadvertently reproduced sound and proved that tones could vary the strength of an electrical current in a wire. The side by side step was to build a working transmitter with a membrane that could vary electronic currents and a receiver that could reproduce the variations in audible frequencies. Within days Watson had built a primitive telephone.
Bell continued research on the telephone, and on fourteen February 1876 Hubbard submitted an application to the US Patent Office on his behalf for an undulatory current, variable resistance liquid transmitter. Hours later, Elisha Gray's chaser submitted an application for a similar transmitter. On vii March, Bong received Patent No. 174,465, "Improvements in Telegraphy." Although he hadn't yet succeeded in building a working telephone (neither had Gray), the patent established intellectual and commercial rights to the technology. He and Watson continued their work, and on 10 March 1876, Bell spoke into the first phone, uttering the now-famous instruction to his banana: "Mr. Watson — come here — I want to see you."
Bell's work culminated in not only the nascency of the telephone, but the decease of the multiple telegraph. The communications potential of being able to "talk with electricity" overcame annihilation that could be gained past simply increasing the capacity of a dot-and-dash organisation.
Bell, Hubbard, Sanders and Watson formed the Bell Telephone Visitor on 9 July 1877. The following solar day, Bell gave his father, Melville, most of his Canadian rights to the telephone. On 11 July, he married Mabel Gardiner Hubbard (1857–1923) and embarked on a yearlong honeymoon in Europe. Over the next several years, the Bell company fought and won hundreds of telephone patent lawsuits in the courts, making Bong rich by age 35. Past that point, however, he had largely withdrawn from the business and turned to other interests.
Volta Laboratory
Bell might easily accept been content with the financial success of his invention. His many laboratory notebooks reveal the depth of the intellectual curiosity that drove him to learn and create. In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize from the French government, in recognition of his achievements in electrical science (specially the invention of the telephone). Bell used the prize coin to found the Volta Laboratory Association with his cousin, Chichester A. Bell, and Charles Sumner Tainter. Based in Washington, DC (where the Bell family now lived), the laboratory was dedicated to acoustic and electric inquiry.
Photophone
In 1880, Bell and Tainter adult a device they called the "photophone," which transmitted sound on a axle of light. In February, they successfully sent a photophone message virtually 200 metres betwixt two buildings. Bell considered the photophone "the greatest invention [he had] always made, greater than the phone." Although the photophone was not commercially viable, it did demonstrate that one could use low-cal to transmit sound. Their invention is therefore considered to be the precursor of fibre optics and wireless communications.
Metallic Detector
In July 1881, Bell and Tainter developed an electrical bullet probe, in an effort to save the life of US President James A Garfield, who had been shot. The probe was unable to find the bullet and Garfield somewhen died of infection. All the same, Bell continued to tinker with his device, and demonstrated information technology a few weeks afterwards in New York. The device was commercially produced by a Dr. John H. Girdner and used by military machine surgeons during several wars over the next few years.
Graphophone
Bong, his cousin Chichester A. Bell, and Tainter also developed the graphophone, improving on the phonograph patented by Thomas Edison in 1878. Edison'due south phonograph had a cylinder covered in tinfoil, upon which a rigid stylus cut a groove. Bell and his colleagues used waxed-coated cylinders, which produced a improve recording, and a floating instead of a rigid stylus; they also added an electric motor instead of a manual crank. The group received patents in 1886, and founded the Volta Graphophone Visitor with James Saville and Charles J. Bell. The post-obit year, the American Graphophone Company was established to manufacture the graphophones, i of which became popular as a dictating motorcar. In 1888, Jesse Lippincott licensed the patents, with Bell using his share of the proceeds to constitute the Volta Bureau.
Aerodromes and Hydrodromes
From the mid-1890s, Bong'southward primary research interest was aviation and flight. In 1907, Bell and his wife co-founded the Aerial Experiment Clan (AEA) in partnership with J.A.D. McCurdy, F.Due west. Baldwin and a few other young engineers, such as Glenn H. Curtiss, an American builder of motorcycle engines, and Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, who acted as observer from the American army. The team split their fourth dimension between the United States and the Bell estate at Baddeck.
The association'due south first experimental flying was conducted on 6 December 1907. The exam aircraft, the Cygnet I, was a large, tetrahedral kite placed on pontoons that attained a height of 51 metres and stayed in the air for seven minutes. In 1908, the association built and flew several aircraft, with varying success. They achieved a tape on four July 1908 when Curtiss flew the June Bug to become the outset aircraft to fly one kilometre in the western hemisphere, for which the clan was awarded the Scientific American Bays.
On 23 February 1909, McCurdy flew the Silvery Dart at Baddeck — what is generally accustomed as the start powered, heavier-than-air flying in Canada (the first such flying in history was accomplished in 1903 by American inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kitty Militarist, N Carolina).
Although the AEA disbanded in 1909, Baldwin and McCurdy continued to piece of work as the Canadian Airdrome Company (CAC) for another year, supported by Bell. The CAC hoped to convince the Canadian government to invest in their airplanes, demonstrating both the Silver Dart and the Baddeck No. I at Camp Petawawa. However, the government lost interest and the CAC dissolved in 1910. (Encounter as well Alexander Graham Bell, Aviation Pioneer.)
Bell and Baldwin continued work at Baddeck, focusing on "hydrodromes" or hydrofoils (the Bong squad had begun piece of work on hydrodromes in 1908). In 1919, ane of their hydrofoils, the HD-4, ready a world h2o-speed record of 114.04 km/h, at a time when the globe's fastest steamships travelled at just 48 km/h. That record was non approached by any other gunkhole for more than than a decade.
Commitment to Scientific Research
Bell worked on a number of different inventions, including the audiometer and a "vacuum jacket" (a precursor of the iron lung) following the decease of his infant son in 1881. He as well researched the desalination of seawater and attempted to breed a "super race" of sheep at Baddeck. Bong supported the experiments of others besides, funding the early on atomic experiments of A.Thousand. Michelson, among other projects. He also supported the journal Scientific discipline, which would become America'southward foremost periodical of scientific inquiry.
Bong helped constitute the National Geographic Society in 1888 and was its second president (1898–1903). The first president of the guild was his father-in-police, Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Bong wanted the order's magazine to appeal to the general public, not only to professional geographers and geologists, and promoted the use of photography in the mag. In 1899, he hired Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, who would get editor-in chief in 1903 and president of the society in 1920. Grosvenor (who married Bell's girl, Elsie May, in 1900) was a pioneer of photojournalism. Under his leadership, the National Geographic Mag became widely pop, increasing its circulation from under a thou readers to more two meg.
Family unit
Bong married Mabel Gardiner Hubbard (1857–1923) in July 1877. Mabel Bell shared her husband's scientific interests, and was co-founder (and funder) of the Aerial Experiment Clan. She as well undertook her own horticultural experiments. They enjoyed a close relationship with both sets of parents. Bell worked closely with his begetter-in-law, while his own parents moved to Washington, DC, to be shut to their son and his family unit.
The Bells had ii daughters — Elsie May Bell (1878–1964) and Marian Hubbard "Daisy" Bell (1880–1962) — and ii sons, Edward (1881) and Robert (1883), who both died in infancy. Elsie married Gilbert Grosvenor, who would become editor-in-main of the National Geographic Society Magazine, and had 7 children. Daisy married botanist David Grandison Fairchild, whom she met through the National Geographic Society; the couple had iii children.
Decease and Significance
Bong died in 1922 at Beinn Bhreagh, due to complications from diabetes. Best known every bit the inventor of the telephone, he spent much of his life teaching the deaf and considered it his near important contribution. Moreover, the phone was merely one of Bell's many inventions and innovations. In fact, he refused to have i in his own report, every bit he found it intruded on his scientific work. Fittingly, all telephones in North America were silenced for a cursory time at the conclusion of his funeral. His married woman, Mabel, died in January 1923, just v months later. Both were interred in Nova Scotia, on a hill overlooking Baddeck Bay. The Beinn Bhreagh estate is withal owned by descendants of the family and in 2015, it was declared a provincial heritage property.
Source: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alexander-graham-bell
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